Journal articles: 'Alpine mountain' – Grafiati (2024)

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Abstract. The Tomur Natural Heritage Site possesses the most typical altitudinal natural zones on the south slope of the Tianshan Mountains. Five altitudinal zones have developed on the south faced slope, including: warm temperate desert zone, mountain steppe zone, alpine meadow zone, alpine cushion vegetation zone and ice-snow zone. The demarcation elevation of the altitudinal natural zones on the south slope was extracted based on surface classification data, DEM and NDVI of the 1992 and 2016 Landsat TM/OLI data. The results showed that the demarcation elevation between the warm temperate desert zone and the mountain steppe zone rose by 6 m, the mountain steppe zone and the alpine meadow zone fell by 25 m, the alpine meadow zone and the alpine cushion vegetation zone moves up by 26 m, and the lower limit of the ice-snow zone rose by 11 m.

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For over 100 years, Innsbruck, Austria had been a center for Alpine and winter sports. In 1896, it became necessary to found an Alpine rescue service to come to the help of mountain climbers and skiers who were injured or stranded in our mountains. The reason for today's accidents are the same as they were 50 years ago. On the one hand, Alpine accidents are a consequence of preventable dangers, such as inadequate equipment, carelessness, and too little Alpine experience. On the other hand, they are caused by objective dangers, e.g., falling rocks, weather, lightning and avalanches. The rescue methods, however, have undergone a fundamental change over the last 3 years.

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Like other mountainous regions of the Caucasus, the South-Eastern Caucasus is an epigeosynclinal mountain system formed by the first and middle alpine folds. Between the Alpine fold stage and the orogenic stage, the South-East Caucasus Mountains were denuded and turned into hilly, low mountain plains in the Oligocene and Miocene. Wrinkled structures were destroyed by denudation and a mostly neutral relief type was formed. Key words: Greater Caucasus, southern slope of the Greater Caucasus, morphostructure, wrinkled relief, geological development

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Mountainous regions have long been considered dangerous and difficult to penetrate. Only few people used to enter the widely uninhabited landscape for occupational purposes such as herding cattle, transporting goods, and mapping and surveying the land. At night and in the case of bad weather, these people found refuge at higher altitudes in rudimentary mountain huts. In the nineteenth century, the number of mountain travellers increased rapidly due to the construction of new train lines and other means of transportation, and they set out to spend their leisure time with climbing and hiking. This novel recreational use of mountain landscapes placed higher demands on local facilities and infrastructure. Newly established alpine clubs attended to the construction of new mountain huts from the Alps through the Carpathians to the Caucasus. This article discusses the construction activity of alpine clubs as a process of idealisation that continues to shape mountain landscapes until today.Idealisation was not only achieved by means of written and visual representation, but complementarily by means of infrastructure, and it thus had a strong impact on the local social fabric. Mountain huts played a pioneering role in the touristic development of mountain regions, and in many instances, well equipped guesthouses and hotels were later constructed at the same site. This article analyses the appropriation of mountain landscapes through mountain huts and pays particular attention to the interactions between members of alpine clubs and the local population living in the mountains. The discussion is based on a set of travelogues, guidebooks, and annals by the Tatra Society, the Hungarian Carpathian Society, and the Transylvanian Carpathian Society which were published between the foundation of the first alpine clubs in the Carpathians in the 1870s and the beginning of the First World War. By highlighting the role of social background of agents, this article seeks to go beyond the focus in scholarship on nationalist interpretations. Rather, it reveals how landscape architecture attributed new cultural values to mountains in modernity.

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Mountainous regions have long been considered dangerous and difficult to penetrate. Only few people used to enter the widely uninhabited landscape for occupational purposes such as herding cattle, transporting goods, and mapping and surveying the land. At night and in the case of bad weather, these people found refuge at higher altitudes in rudimentary mountain huts. In the nineteenth century, the number of mountain travellers increased rapidly due to the construction of new train lines and other means of transportation, and they set out to spend their leisure time with climbing and hiking. This novel recreational use of mountain landscapes placed higher demands on local facilities and infrastructure. Newly established alpine clubs attended to the construction of new mountain huts from the Alps through the Carpathians to the Caucasus. This article discusses the construction activity of alpine clubs as a process of idealisation that continues to shape mountain landscapes until today. Idealisation was not only achieved by means of written and visual representation, but complementarily by means of infrastructure, and it thus had a strong impact on the local social fabric. Mountain huts played a pioneering role in the touristic development of mountain regions, and in many instances, well equipped guesthouses and hotels were later constructed at the same site. This article analyses the appropriation of mountain landscapes through mountain huts and pays particular attention to the interactions between members of alpine clubs and the local population living in the mountains. The discussion is based on a set of travelogues, guidebooks, and annals by the Tatra Society, the Hungarian Carpathian Society, and the Transylvanian Carpathian Society which were published between the foundation of the first alpine clubs in the Carpathians in the 1870s and the beginning of the First World War. By highlighting the role of social background of agents, this article seeks to go beyond the focus in scholarship on nationalist interpretations. Rather, it reveals how landscape architecture attributed new cultural values to mountains in modernity.

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Balkanic high mountains represent nearly all types of European vertical zonation. The elevation and vegetation character of the timberline and allied vegetation types (scrubs, tall vs short, closed vs. open rupicolous swards) but also the edaphic traits, etc. considerably influence the biogeographical composition of butterfly and moth assemblages. The habitats of the high elevations are populated by several types of mountain species. They belong to five main biogeographical groups: (i) boreo-montane (“Siberian”) species, often represented by isolated, partly differentiated populations mostly in the coniferous forests zones; (ii) arctic-alpine (in majority Eurasiatic!) species represented by isolated, most often taxonomically differentiated populations in alpine zones of highest Balkanic mountains; (iii) alpine (nearly exclusively European!) species represented by isolated, mostly taxonomically differentiated populations in subalpine-alpine zones of Balkanic mountains; (iv) Balkanic-oreal species often with isolated populations (subspecies) also in the Southern or Southwestern Alps and Massif Central, in special cases also Appenines and/or in Southern and Eastern Carpathians, as well; (v) oro-Mediterranean-xeromontane species occurring in the southern Balkanic mountains, being either endemic or represented by differentiated subspecies of western Asiatic species. The most typical biogeographical patterns in butterflies and macro-moths are as follows: (i) close connections of the western Balcanic (Dinaric) populations of alpine and arctic-alpine species with southeastern Alpine ones; (ii) close connections of the eastern Balcanic (Thracian) populations of alpine and arctic-alpine species with southern Carpathian ones; (iii) the “Central Balcanic split” in taxonomic subdivision of several alpine and arctic-alpine species; (iv) the southern limit of distribution of boreo-montane, arctic-alpine and alpine species agrees with the “Adamović-line”, i.e. the southern limit of the alpine type of vertical zonation of vegetation; (v) the northern limit of oro-Mediterranean xeromontane species also well agrees with this important line, since these species are connected with the oro-Mediterranean type of vegetation (partly by food plant specialisations, see: endemic Polyommatina or by rupicolous habitats, as some Noctuinae).

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Checklist and Ecology of the Agaricales, Russulales and Boletales in the alpine zone of the Rocky Mountains (Colorado, Montana, Wyoming) at 3000-4000 m a.s.l.Previously, the Rocky Mountain alpine zone was a mycological blank spot. There have only been a few scattered records of macrofungi from this region and limited number of publications. This alpine survey covers the Beartooth Plateau in Montana/Wyoming for the North-central Floristic Region (lat 45°N) and the Front Range, San Juan Mountains, Sawatch Range for the Southern Floristic Region in Colorado (lat 36°-38°N), and reports over 165 species in 46 genera and 11 families (ca 1 500 collections). It is estimated that over 75% are known arctic-alpine macromycetes and the remainder are Rocky Mountain species. Of these, we estimate that 2-5% are new to science, 75% are new records for this Rocky Mountain alpine zone, and that over half will be new to Colorado or Montana/Wyoming. Approximately 56% are mycorrhizal species associated with Salix reticulata, S. arctica, S. planifolia, S. glauca, Betula nana = B. glandulosa, Dryas octopetala and Polygonum viviparum. Mycorrhizal species that occur with Betula are rare in the Rockies due to a paucity of this host. The most diverse mycorrhizal family is the Cortinariaceae with over 74 species, primarily of Inocybe and Cortinarius. Saprobic genera associate with a diversity of bryophytes or are terrestrial primarily in grassland; macrofungi on woody debris are rare. A greater diversity occurs in southern mountain ranges which are more diverse in geology and habitat. The southern extent of the Rockies at latitudes of 36-38°N likely includes the southernmost extent of certain Arctic-alpine fungi such as Arrhenia auriscalpium for the Northern hemisphere. Macrofungal fruitings are sparse compared to those in maritime arctic-alpine habitats due to a well-defined continental climate with drying winds, low relative humidity, periodic droughts, fire, strong diurnal temperature fluctuations and high elevations of 3 000-4 000 m. This report helps complete distributions of arctic-alpine fungi, and discusses the ecology of individual taxonomic groups in relation to other Arctic-alpine areas.

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Understanding how alpine biotas formed in response to historical environmental change may improve our ability to predict and mitigate the threats to alpine species posed by global warming. In the world’s richest temperate alpine flora, that of the Tibet-Himalaya-Hengduan region, phylogenetic reconstructions of biome and geographic range evolution show that extant lineages emerged by the early Oligocene and diversified first in the Hengduan Mountains. By the early to middle Miocene, accelerated diversification and colonization of adjacent regions were likely driven jointly by mountain building and intensification of the Asian monsoon. The alpine flora of the Hengduan Mountains has continuously existed far longer than any other alpine flora on Earth and illustrates how modern biotas have been shaped by past geological and climatic events.

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Polish Tatra tourism and its specialised form – mountaineering, experienced a dynamic period of their development in the second half of the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th century, at a period when Poland did not exist on world maps. At that time, the Tatra Mountains for Poles, were more than a place of fascination with mountains or implementation of mountain passion, they were a symbol of freedom, a kind of sacrum, „altars of freedom” and a testimony of national pride. Perhaps for this reason, the history of mountain climbing was viewed from a local, Polish perspective. In this article, it is shown that the development of tourist activity in the Tatras as well as the origin and evolution of mountain climbing were largely conditioned by inspirations fl owing from Western European mountaineering. This infl uence was manifested in the theoretical (ideological) dimension conditioned by knowledge of mountaineering literature, direct contact between mountaineers and mountaineering achievements during climbing trips to the Alps and the Dolomites, and the support received by Polish mountaineers from active mountaineers in the Tatras. As a consequence of these inspirations, mountain climbing, with the characteristic features of Western European mountain eering, was born.

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Traditional extensive agriculture is the main factor of landscape management in the mountains: a large part of the Alps is modelled by agriculture. Interpreted as a multifunctional activity, including landscape modelling and maintenance, agriculture generates the conditions under which mountain pasture landscape is an economic resource potentially exploitable by tourism. The aim of this work is to draw the profiles of tourists of mountain pastures and to estimate their Willingness to Pay (WTP)for landscape pastures resilience. The innovation of this work lies in the use of a multivariate approach using Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA). The analysis obtained three clusters that identify different tourists’ profiles. The main result is the existence of a positive WTP for the permanence of pasture systems with an agricultural management. Policy guidelines have been proposed to institutions owning pastures and huts to manage these assets.

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Mountain plant communities are thought to be sensitive to climate change and, thus, able to reveal its effects sooner than others. The status as sentinels of two plant communities are reviewed. Alpine treeline ecotones and alpine vegetation have been observed to respond to climate change in recent decades. The treeline has moved upslope and alpine communities have had some species increase and others decrease. The response for both, however, has been inconsistent if taken as a whole. Problematic factors for this response are outlined for both: abiotic and biotic interactions partially decouple the plant communities from climate. Differences across spatial and temporal scales complicate interpretation. Partial decoupling leads to nonlinear responses and difficulties for prediction and for planning mitigation.

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Highly accurate 3D micro topographic mapping in mountain research demands for light equipment and low cost solutions. Recent developments in structure from motion and dense matching techniques provide promising tools for such applications. In the following, the feasibility of terrestrial photogrammetry for mapping topographic location properties of sparsely vegetated areas in selected European mountain regions is investigated. Changes in species composition at alpine vegetation locations are indicators of climate change consequences, such as the pronounced rise of average temperatures in mountains compared to the global average. Better understanding of climate change effects on plants demand for investigations on a micro-topographic scale. We use professional and consumer grade digital single-lens reflex cameras mapping 288 plots each 3 x 3 m on 18 summits in the Alps and Mediterranean Mountains within the GLORIA (GLobal Observation Research Initiative in Alpine environments) network. Image matching tests result in accuracies that are in the order of millimetres in the XY-plane and below 0.5 mm in Z-direction at the second image pyramid level. Reconstructing vegetation proves to be a challenge due to its fine and small structured architecture and its permanent movement by wind during image acquisition, which is omnipresent on mountain summits. The produced 3D point clouds are gridded to 6 mm resolution from which topographic parameters such as slope, aspect and roughness are derived. At a later project stage these parameters will be statistically linked to botanical reference data in order to conclude on relations between specific location properties and species compositions.

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Highly accurate 3D micro topographic mapping in mountain research demands for light equipment and low cost solutions. Recent developments in structure from motion and dense matching techniques provide promising tools for such applications. In the following, the feasibility of terrestrial photogrammetry for mapping topographic location properties of sparsely vegetated areas in selected European mountain regions is investigated. Changes in species composition at alpine vegetation locations are indicators of climate change consequences, such as the pronounced rise of average temperatures in mountains compared to the global average. Better understanding of climate change effects on plants demand for investigations on a micro-topographic scale. We use professional and consumer grade digital single-lens reflex cameras mapping 288 plots each 3 x 3 m on 18 summits in the Alps and Mediterranean Mountains within the GLORIA (GLobal Observation Research Initiative in Alpine environments) network. Image matching tests result in accuracies that are in the order of millimetres in the XY-plane and below 0.5 mm in Z-direction at the second image pyramid level. Reconstructing vegetation proves to be a challenge due to its fine and small structured architecture and its permanent movement by wind during image acquisition, which is omnipresent on mountain summits. The produced 3D point clouds are gridded to 6 mm resolution from which topographic parameters such as slope, aspect and roughness are derived. At a later project stage these parameters will be statistically linked to botanical reference data in order to conclude on relations between specific location properties and species compositions.

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Alpine plant communities are highly sensitive to global warming. One of the consequences of the warming is encroachment by herbaceous plants from forests at low elevations into alpine ecosystems. In the Changbai Mountains, narrowleaf small reed (Deyeuxia angustifolia (Kom.) Y. L. Chang) from mountain birch forests encroached upward into alpine tundra, gradually replacing native tundra shrubs such as Rhododendron (Rhododendron aureum Georgi). How encroaching plants affect native plant communities is not fully understood. In this study, we analyzed above- and belowground biomass of alpine plant communities at five encroachment levels to investigate how biomass allocation changed at species and community scales. Our research showed that native plants are forced to change their morphology to cope with competition, at both above- and belowground levels, from encroaching plants. We found that (1) R. aureum increased the shoot height and leaf area in order to compete with D. angustifolia; (2) above- and belowground biomass of D. angustifolia increased while above- and belowground biomass of R. aureum decreased with increasing levels of encroachment; and (3) D. angustifolia encroachment reduced the total biomass of alpine tundra. Encroachment by herbaceous plants has a long-term negative impact on the ability of tundra plants to sequester carbon in the alpine tundra of the Changbai Mountains.

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It is argued in this paper that Braudel's view of mountain communities (which he, though allowing for numerous exceptions, depicted as isolated, largely immobile and prolific) remains heavily indebted to the tradition of the Vidalian School of Human Geography, characterized by its immobilism and anti-urban bias. Braudel is famous for “dynamizing” the Mediterranean and thereby opposing Vidalian immobilism. However, Braudel's dynamism and his stress on mobility and connectivity applies only to his view of the urban part, whereas his view of the rural, and especially mountainous, hinterlands remains largely exempted from it. This questioning of the Braudelian model of mountain migrations is based on the recent developments within Alpine anthropology made possible by its cross-fertilization with historical demography (Pier Paolo Viazzo and his “school”) as well as within recent mountain studies in general. The new picture of mountain communities emerging from these studies is one of highly mobile mountain populations who are characterized by entrepreneurial spirit and proactive strategies of migration, and is often based on prosperity instead of misery and hunger, and it aims at making the survival of mountain communities possible. As this “Alpine model” has been progressively expanded and tested on other mountain environments, this paper argues for the continuities between the Alps and the mountains of the Balkan peninsula.

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It is argued in this paper that Braudel's view of mountain communities (which he, though allowing for numerous exceptions, depicted as isolated, largely immobile and prolific) remains heavily indebted to the tradition of the Vidalian School of Human Geography, characterized by its immobilism and anti-urban bias. Braudel is famous for “dynamizing” the Mediterranean and thereby opposing Vidalian immobilism. However, Braudel's dynamism and his stress on mobility and connectivity applies only to his view of the urban part, whereas his view of the rural, and especially mountainous, hinterlands remains largely exempted from it. This questioning of the Braudelian model of mountain migrations is based on the recent developments within Alpine anthropology made possible by its cross-fertilization with historical demography (Pier Paolo Viazzo and his “school”) as well as within recent mountain studies in general. The new picture of mountain communities emerging from these studies is one of highly mobile mountain populations who are characterized by entrepreneurial spirit and proactive strategies of migration, and is often based on prosperity instead of misery and hunger, and it aims at making the survival of mountain communities possible. As this “Alpine model” has been progressively expanded and tested on other mountain environments, this paper argues for the continuities between the Alps and the mountains of the Balkan peninsula.

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Alpine timberline is a great place for monitoring climate change. The study of alpine and subalpine timberline in Qinling Mountains has led to early warning that reveals the response and adaptation of terrestrial vegetation ecosystem to climate change. Based on the remote sensing image classification method, the typical timberline area in Qinling Mountains was determined. Temperature and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data were extracted from the typical timberline area based on spatial interpolation and NDVI data. The relationship between NDVI and temperature change and the critical temperature value affecting vegetation response in the timberline area in Qinling Mountains were analyzed. Correlation between NDVI and air temperature in the alpine and subalpine timberline areas of Qinling Mountains exhibited an upward trend, which implied that temperature promotes vegetation activity. A strong correlation between temperature and NDVI in typical timberline areas of Qinling Mountains, and a significant correlation between temperature and NDVI in the early growing season. A phenomenon of NDVI lagging behind air temperature was observed. Temperature response showed synchronization and hysteresis. The correlation between cumulative temperature and vegetation was similar between Taibai Mountain and Niubeiliang timberline, and the correlation between NDVI in April and cumulative temperature in the first 12 months was the strongest. Temperature threshold range of Taibai Mountain timberline played a dominant role in vegetation growth. Our results provide insights and basis for future studies of early warning signs of climate change, specifically between 0.34 and 1.34 °C. The threshold ranges of temperature response of different vegetation types vary. Compared with alpine shrub meadow, the threshold ranges of temperature effect of Coniferous forest and Larix chinensis Beissn. are smaller, implying that these vegetation types are more sensitive to temperature change.

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Low-elevation mountains represent unique model systems to study species endangered by climate warming, such as subalpine and alpine species of butterflies. We aimed to test the effect of climate variables experienced by Erebia butterflies during their development on adult abundances and phenology, targeting the key climate factors determining the population dynamics of mountain insects. We analysed data from a long-term monitoring of adults of two subalpine and alpine butterfly species, Erebia epiphron and E. sudetica (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) in the Jeseník Mts and Krkonoše Mts (Czech Republic). Our data revealed consistent patterns in their responses to climatic conditions. Lower precipitation (i.e., less snow cover) experienced by overwintering larvae decreases subsequent adult abundances. Conversely, warmer autumns and warmer and drier springs during the active larval phase increase adult abundances and lead to earlier onset and extended duration of the flight season. The population trends of these mountain butterflies are stable or even increasing. On the background of generally increasing temperatures within the mountain ranges, population stability indicates dynamic equilibrium of positive and detrimental consequences of climate warming among different life history stages. These contradictory effects warn against simplistic predictions of climate change consequences on mountain species based only on predicted increases in average temperature. Microclimate variability may facilitate the survival of mountain insect populations, however the availability of suitable habitats will strongly depend on the management of mountain grasslands.

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Abstract The habitat 3230 Mountain rivers and their ligneous vegetation with Myricaria germanica was not listed in the standard form based on which the Natura 2000 site ROSCI0124 Maramureș Mountains was declared. The aim of this study is to offer some new information regarding the structure, distribution and ecology of the Natura 2000 habitat 3230 Mountain rivers and their ligneous vegetation with Myricaria germanica in Maramureș Mountains Nature Park. The ecological importance of habitat 3230 results from the capacity of Myricaria germanica to colonize new deposits of gravels and set up new biocoenoses, this ability being possible only in the case of natural morphodynamics of the mountain streams, not influenced by human activities.

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Abstract. Although the global importance of high mountains is increasingly being recognised, their geomorphic process System has not been completely understood as yet. While Systems theory and geographical information Systems (GIS) approaches have been long-serving in alpine geomorphology, the implementation of remote sensing (RS) tools is still rare. However, objeet-oriented image analysis lends itself to alpine applications, as it unites the benefits of RS and GIS. The Systems approach and the object-oriented classification of an ASTER satellite scene with digital elevation information are parallelized in the Reintal (Bavarian Alps). In a hierarchical, multiscale data segmentation and Classification, alpine landforms can be detected with high accuracy. Hence, RS techniques represent a valuable tool for high mountain geomorphology.

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The alpine timberline, an ecosystem ecotone, indicates climatic change and is tending to shift toward higher altitudes because of an increase in global warming. However, spatiotemporal variations of the alpine timberline are not consistent on a global scale. The abundant and highest alpine timberline, located on the Tibetan Plateau, is less subject to human activity and disturbance. Although many studies have investigated the alpine timberline on the Tibetan Plateau, large-scale monitoring of spatial-temporal dynamics and driving mechanisms of the alpine timberline remain uncertain and inaccurate. Hence, the Gongga Mountain on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau was chosen as the study area because of the most complete natural altitudinal zonation. We used the Otsu method on Google Earth Engine to extract the alpine timberline from 1987–2019 based on the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Then, the alpine timberline spatiotemporal patterns and the effect of topography on alpine timberline distribution were explored. Four hillsides on the western Gongga Mountain were selected to examine the hillside differences and drivers of the alpine timberline based on principal component analysis (PCA) and multiple linear regression (MLR). The results indicated that the elevation range of alpine timberline was 3203–4889 m, and the vegetation coverage increased significantly (p < 0.01) near the alpine timberline ecotone on Gongga Mountain. Moreover, there was spatial heterogeneity in dynamics of alpine timberline, and some regions showed no regular trend in variations. The spatial pattern of the alpine timberline was generally high in the west, low in the east, and primarily distributed on 15–55° slopes. Besides, the drivers of the alpine timberline have the hillside differences, and the sunny and shady slopes possessed different driving factors. Thus, our results highlight the effects of topography and climate on the alpine timberline on different hillsides. These findings could provide a better approach to study the dynamics and formation of alpine timberlines.

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From 1991 to 1993, 30 woodland caribou were captured and fitted with radio-collars west of the Williston Reservoir in north central B.C. Monthly radio-telemetry location flights revealed that caribou in the Northern Area, characterized by a complex of mountain ranges, moved greater distances to calving areas than did those in the South, where only one major mountain range exists. In the year of record heavy snowfall for the area, all collared caribou wintered on windswept alpine slopes, while during the below average snowfall year, many caribou remained in forested habitats. In winter, caribou were found to forage on terrestrial lichens in both lowland lodgepole pine flats and on windswept alpine slopes, and on arboreal lichens in upper elevation Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir forests. There are at least 600-700 caribou in the Omineca Mountains.

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Numerous taxa ofHebelomahave been reported in association withSalix,Dryas, andBetulain arctic-alpine habitats. However, species are notoriously difficult to delineate because morphological features overlap, and previously there was little reliable molecular data available. Recent progress in ITS-sequencing within the genus, coupled with an extensive database of parametrically described collections, now allows comparisons between species and their distributions. Here we report 16 species ofHebelomafrom the Rocky Mountain alpine zone from some of the lowest latitudes (latitude 36°–45°N) and highest elevations (3000–4000 m) for arctic-alpine fungi in the northern hemisphere. Twelve of these species have been reported from arctic-alpine habitats in Europe and Greenland and are now molecularly confirmed from the Middle and Southern Rockies, greatly expanding their distribution. These are:Hebelomaalpinum,H.aurantioumbrinum,H.dunense,H.hiemale,H.marginatulum,H.mesophaeum,H.nigellum,H.oreophilum,H.subconcolor,H.spetsbergense,H.vaccinum, andH.velutipes. Hebelomahygrophilumis known from subalpine habitats in Europe, but was never recorded in arctic-alpine ecology. Three species recorded from the Rockies, but as yet not reported from Europe, areH.alpinicola,H.avellaneum, andH.excedens. The last two have never previously been reported from an arctic-alpine habitat. For all three of these species, the holotypes have been studied morphologically and molecularly, and have been incorporated into the analysis.

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The effects of temperature and photoperiod on primary floral induction in three lines of alpine bluegrass (Poa alpina L.) were studied in controlled environments. These lines were developed at the Alberta Environmental Centre from single plant accessions collected from the Alberta Rocky Mountains. Plants representing all three lines were subjected to temperatures of 3, 9, and 12 °C under dark (0 h), short-day (8 h), and long-day (18 h) photoperiods for durations of 6, 10, and 14 wk. Plants were subsequently transferred to conditions of 22 °C/15 °C, 18 h photoperiod and heading response was recorded. Primary floral induction was found to be favoured by low temperatures and/or short days with marked inhibition at 12 °C. Complete dark conditions were not inductive. Six weeks of primary induction was suboptimal with only 15% of plants flowering. However, 100% of plants flowered after 10 wk of primary induction at 3 °C under both long-day and short-day conditions. Differences among lines were significant for number of heading plants, number of heads per plant, time to heading, and critical induction duration. Primary induction in line 907 occurred at longer photoperiods, warmer temperatures, and in shorter durations than the other lines indicating a lesser induction requirement. Possible implications are discussed in the use of alpine bluegrass populations for revegetating disturbed mountain sites. Key words: Floral induction, temperature, photoperiod, Poa alpina, alpine bluegrass

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One of characteristic phenomena in contemporary Polish literary culture is the emergence of a niche phenomenon of mountain literature. The term “mountain literature” has become part of colloquial discourse, also aspiring to be present in the language of literature studies (including literary criticism), which previously featured terms like “Alpine literature”, “mountaineering literature”, “Tatra literature”, “Tatra prose”. Other commonly used terms were “mountain climbing literature” and “exploration literature”. The term “Alpine literature” was introduced into scholarly discourse by Claire-Éliane Engel (1903–1976). The author of the present study points to links between the history of mountain literature, and the history of mountain exploration as well as history of tourism and mountaineering, referring to the literary traditions of various mountain ranges: the Alps, the Tatras, Karkonosze (Giant Mountains), Bieszczady, Gorce, Beskids, Góry Świętokrzyskie (Holy Cross Mountains). In addition, there are strands of research dealing with a typological analysis of mountain motifs and their function. The significance of such studies lies in the fact that they demonstrate in a clear manner the introduction of mountain motifs into literature and the evolution of the artistic forms of their expression. However, transformations in the literary approach to the mountains cannot be documented only by means of a territorial selection of specific motifs, and the whole question of depicting mountains and responding to them cannot be locked within the limited framework of the various national literatures. What is useful in this respect is a comprehensive comparative approach to the subject matter, interpreted both in the synchronic (formation of attitudes) and diachronic perspective (so-called influences, impact of models, borrowing of poetics also in connection with changes in tourist or mountaineering styles). What becomes of crucial significance here is the use of more general categories and comprehensive collective terms — mountain literature, mountaineering literature, mountain climbing literature. These categories encompass works dealing primarily with the mountains and human interactions with them. They bring in a supranational and supraterritorial understanding of the subject of mountains, without limiting the role of territorial detail in the construction of literary motifs and images. In defining mountain literature the author uses the classification of the function of nature motifs in literary works presented by Tadeusz Makowiecki in Sprawozdania Towarzystwa Naukowego w Toruniu in 1951, in his article “Funkcja motywu przyrody w dziele literackim” (Function of a nature motif in a literary work).1 On the other hand, when it comes to the phenomena discussed in the study, what is representative of fiction is a type of narrative genre known as mountain novel (roman de montagne, Bergroman). Referring to archetypic formulas of mountain literature (Dante, Petrarch, Salomon Gessner, Jean A. Deluc, H.B. de Saussure), the author points to their formal aspects: thematic-substantive, linguistic and genological. In addition, he discusses the emergence of mountaineering literature (Edward Whymper, Leslie Stephen, Polish mountaineers’ prose).

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“What does man achieve up there?” On the political use of mountaineering experiencesSince the 1870s the socio-economic and national conflicts with ethnic backgrounds reached the highest Alpine peaks. This was visible in a broad European context, but especially in the Habsburg Monarchy. This was where demands for political participation and social emancipation of allegedly disadvantaged ethnic groups in the Reich were juxtaposed with aggressive German-Austrian strategies seeking to preserve the status quo. In this context, “capturing” and “seizing” highland areas in disputed language border regions of the multi-ethnic empire became terms of huge symbolic and identity-shaping significance.In comparison with the British Alpine Club, whose members were well travelled climbers, Central European Alpine associations were anchored in regional political contexts and had clear nationalistic views. They reflected the specific socio-psychological determinants, moral values and social norms of the bourgeois elites, from among whom the leaders and members of these associations came almost exclusively as late as in the early 20th century. In its early hybrid form — vacillating between sport and science — mountaineering turned out in many respects to be a useful tool of cultural takeover and emotional awareness-raising with regard to one’s own homeland presumed to be threatened by a foreign element; it was useful as a driving force in internalising national identity, social values, political concepts as well as heroic military maxims referring to desirable behaviour. The first ascents of mountain peaks and “capturing” of hitherto untouched highland areas, construction of prestigious hotels and mountain hostels as well as nationally-inspired monuments on mountain peaks became semiotic expressions of territorial aspirations of a nation, a symbolic seizure of the mountains, preventing “ethnically foreign” profanations. Thus emerged a new, collectively binding mental map with sanctified mountain peaks and ranges that were incorporated into the nation’s iconography. The politicisation of mountains and mountain climbing became part of the “nationalisation of the masses.”The author of the article examines these aspects, using the multi-ethnic region of Tyrol as an example. He analyses, first of all, the Società degli Alpinisti Tridentini, an organisation operating in the southern, Italian-speaking part of the country, and its equivalent, the much larger German and Austrian Alpine Club. The analysis features, among others, various ideas of “nature”, “mountains” and climbing, varied goals mountaineers set for themselves, and, finally, the link between socio-economic conflicts with ethnic backgrounds and peaks in the Dolomites and the Ortler. These were conflicts which, in some sense, paved the way for the subsequent fighting during the First World War or, in any case, directly led to it.

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“What does man achieve up there?” On the political use of mountaineering experiencesSince the 1870s the socio-economic and national conflicts with ethnic backgrounds reached the highest Alpine peaks. This was visible in a broad European context, but especially in the Habsburg Monarchy. This was where demands for political participation and social emancipation of allegedly disadvantaged ethnic groups in the Reich were juxtaposed with aggressive German-Austrian strategies seeking to preserve the status quo. In this context, “capturing” and “seizing” highland areas in disputed language border regions of the multi-ethnic empire became terms of huge symbolic and identity-shaping significance.In comparison with the British Alpine Club, whose members were well travelled climbers, Central European Alpine associations were anchored in regional political contexts and had clear nationalistic views. They reflected the specific socio-psychological determinants, moral values and social norms of the bourgeois elites, from among whom the leaders and members of these associations came almost exclusively as late as in the early 20th century. In its early hybrid form — vacillating between sport and science — mountaineering turned out in many respects to be a useful tool of cultural takeover and emotional awareness-raising with regard to one’s own homeland presumed to be threatened by a foreign element; it was useful as a driving force in internalising national identity, social values, political concepts as well as heroic military maxims referring to desirable behaviour. The first ascents of mountain peaks and “capturing” of hitherto untouched highland areas, construction of prestigious hotels and mountain hostels as well as nationally-inspired monuments on mountain peaks became semiotic expressions of territorial aspirations of a nation, a symbolic seizure of the mountains, preventing “ethnically foreign” profanations. Thus emerged a new, collectively binding mental map with sanctified mountain peaks and ranges that were incorporated into the nation’s iconography. The politicisation of mountains and mountain climbing became part of the “nationalisation of the masses.”The author of the article examines these aspects, using the multi-ethnic region of Tyrol as an example. He analyses, first of all, the Società degli Alpinisti Tridentini, an organisation operating in the southern, Italian-speaking part of the country, and its equivalent, the much larger German and Austrian Alpine Club. The analysis features, among others, various ideas of “nature”, “mountains” and climbing, varied goals mountaineers set for themselves, and, finally, the link between socio-economic conflicts with ethnic backgrounds and peaks in the Dolomites and the Ortler. These were conflicts which, in some sense, paved the way for the subsequent fighting during the First World War or, in any case, directly led to it.

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Moradi H, Attar F. 2019. Comparative study of floristic diversity along altitude in the northern slope of the central Alborz Mountains, Iran. Biodiversitas 20: 305-312. The Alborz is one of two main mountain chains in the north of Iran. The flora and vegetation of the sub-alpine and alpine zone of the central Alborz are less known comparing to the vegetation of lower altitudes with Hyrcanain forests. In this study, floristic composition and life-form spectra were investigated along an altitudinal transect ranging from 2000 m to the alpine and sub-nival peak of Mt. Rostam-Nisht at 4500 m. We compared the floristic diversity of the studied transect with the data obtained from an earlier studied transect in Kheyrud forest. A total of 299 taxa were found in the survey which showed high species diversity in the area. In addition, our results showed remarkable difference in life form categories between lower altitudes (Hyrcanian forests) and sub-alpine and alpine zones.

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Abstract. Finding an effective method to upscale or downscale hydrological processes is the central concern in hydrological research. The aim of this paper is to investigate a powerful, regulated relationship between runoff and catchment area, and establish the runoff scale transfer model for Gongga Mountain in China. We chose a series of catchments in which the contributing areas ranged from 0.41 km2 to 80.5 km2 to monitor the hydrological processes and meteorological conditions since 1990. To identify the nature and causes of variation in the runoff response to the size of catchments, a two-stage scaling method was proposed to describe the processes of runoff scaling. The results indicated that runoff had a different statistical relationship in different seasons and the related parameters were also different. The scaling models indicated a higher simulation efficiency and precision between the observed runoff and the calculated runoff, and they also provided a practical way for upscaling or downscaling in an alpine mountain watershed. For alpine mountain catchments, the results showed that the vegetation type and cover might be important factors for the runoff response to the scale effective.

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SIVIM Alpine (GIVD ID: EU-00-034) is a thematic database focused on vegetation plots from alpine grasslands of the Iberian Peninsula. The main aim of the database is to centralize historical and new vegetation plots of grassland-like communities above the treeline from Spanish mountains, the Pyrenees (including France and Andorra) and Serra da Estrela (Portugal). The database was registered in GIVD in December 2020, and it is currently available in EVA under semi-restricted regime. SIVIM Alpine includes both digitized relevés from the literature and unpublished data. Most of digitized relevés overlap with SIVIM (GIVD ID EU-00-004) but the header data and the geographical coordinates of SIVIM Alpine have been improved when possible. The database is routinely updated with new surveys conducted with GPS and detailed ecological data. Nowadays, SIVIM Alpine contains 6,420 vegetation plots corresponding to all phytosociological alliances described in the Iberian Peninsula for high-mountain grassland vegetation, 85% of them also classified at the association level. Plot size is available for 80% of the relevés. Plant taxonomy keeps the names provided by the original authors of the relevés, with an additional correspondence to Euro+Med and The Plant List, when possible. The database is continuously updated by revisiting the original sources. Different versions of the database have been used to vegetation analysis at national at continental scales. Abbreviations: EVA = European Vegeation Archive; GIVD = Global Index of Vegetation-Plot Databases; SIVIM = Iberian and Macaronesian Vegetation Information System.

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AbstractThe Peloritani Mountains, in the southern part of the Calabrian Terranes, southern Italy, have been classically interpreted as the product of the Paleogene brittle deformation of the European continental back-stop of the Neotethyan subduction complex. This reconstruction conflicts with the occurrence of an Alpine metamorphic overprint that affected portions of both the Variscan metamorphic units and part of the Mesozoic sedimentary covers of the mountain belt. New field data, integrated with petrographic, micro- and meso-structural analyses and stratigraphic investigation of the syn-tectonic terrigenous covers, well constrain a Paleogene collision event along the Africa–Nubia convergent margin that caused the exhumation of the Alpine metamorphic units of the Peloritani Mountains. The syn-collisional exhumation was associated with shearing along two major Africa-verging crustal thrusts arising from the positive tectonic inversion of the former European palaeomargin. Early tectonic motions occurred within the mountain belts and produced the exhumation of the external portions of the edifice. Later tectonic motions occurred along the sole-thrust of the entire edifice and caused the definitive exhumation of the entire mountain belt. The whole crustal thrusting lasted for a period ofc. 10 Ma, during the entire Oligocene. The definitive southwestward emplacement of the Peloritani Mountain Belt onto the Neotethyan accretionary wedge was followed by two Late Oligocene – Early Miocene NW–SE-oriented right lateral shear zones, replacing the previous crustal thrust. These two strike-slip belts are interpreted as the surface expression of the deep-seated suture zone between the colliding Africa and Europe continental crusts.

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The Alps function as a water tower for four of the major European river basins. However, a climate change-induced shift in mountain hydrological regimes and the future predicted disappearance of Alpine glaciers at the end of this century will have consequences for water management in both the Alps and the water-dependent lowlands. In this paper the importance of mountain water in the European lowlands and the impact of climate change on the water sector in both the mountains and lowlands are shown. Different demand stakeholders of the Alpine water sector will be affected. Dependent on the particular region in the Alps, problems will be less or more severe but generally adaptation can be achieved by means of the right investments and policies. However, major impacts on the water sector in the lowlands of the Danube, Rhine, Rhone and Po river basins are foreseen. Integrated water management at basin level is required to cope with these challenges.

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Floristic classification of the cryopetrophytic alpine communities of the Altai-Sayan mountain system have been performed. The Rhodioletea quadrifidae Hilbig 2000 class of the Altai-Sayan mountain system includes two order, one alliance and six associations. We were described new order (Valerianetaliapetrophyllae order nova prov.) and three associations (Ranunculo akkemensis-Valerianetumpetrophilae ass. nova prov., Mesostemmo martjanovii-Leiosporetum exscapae ass. nova prov., Potentillo biflorae-Sibbaldietum tetrandrae ass. nova prov.) These associations include communities with a predominance of Asian alpine and arctalpine petrophytes.

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Abstract The paper focuses on the interdependence between the development of demographically endangered settlements and the frequency of mountain accidents in the Triglav National Park in the Slovenian Alps. Using statistical data analyses of the Mountain Rescue Association of Slovenia, field surveys and spatial information of the Surveying and Mapping Authority of the Republic of Slovenia, conclusions were reached, which redefined the existing settlement pattern of alpine shelters and mountain pastures, to encourage safe mountaineering and the development of tourism. The upgraded network of Alpine posts is designed as an upgrade of the existing system of providing safety for the visitors to the high mountain regions of the Triglav National Park. At the same time, it offers a new format of tourist services as an opportunity to develop local economies in demographically endangered environments. The dual function (rescue services and tourism) reduces investment and maintenance costs and increases the efficiency in the exploitation of the network of paths and Alpine posts, hence it is feasible also in demographically endangered areas. It is one of the operational tools for stopping further decline in population.

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The class Salicetea herbaceae Br.-Bl. 1948 includes arctic and alpine-subnival snow-bed communities of Eurasia and the Arctic Ocean islands (Mucina et al., 2016). The coenoflora of these communities is formed by psychrophilous and chionophilous mesophytic species. R. V. Kamelin (2005) who named these as alpine grass carpets (Kryonanocoryphion eurasiaticum), noted that this type of vegetation is characteristic of the Altai-Sayan mountain region, where alpine carpets are the highest floristic diversity in Asia. The snow-bed communities occupy macro- and megachionic ecotops (Kholod, 1993) in sites with excessive accumulation of snow in winter, which is preserved in the summer in the form of snow-beds. Usually snow-bed communities cover patches from several tens to several hundred square meters. The habitats of these communities are characterized by: 1) short ve­getation period due to the long period of the thick snow cover (up to 5 m) melting; 2) cold moistening during the most part of growing season because the melting of snow, and the inflow of water from nearby or underground springs; 3) no genesis of bog soils (Sedelnikov, 2017). Earlier syntaxa of the class Salicetea herbaceae were considered as a part of the alliance Salicion tur­czaninowii Ishbirdin in Ishbirdin et al. 1996, the order Salicetalia herbaceae Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et Jenny 1926. 105 relevés were sampled in 1998–2015 (Fig. 1), also we used 28 relevés published earlier (Chytrý, et al., 1995; Danihelka, Chytrý, 1995; Korolyuk, 2001; Telyatnikov et Mamakhatova, 2011; Ermakov, Zibzeev, 2012; Telyatnikov, 2013). An analysis of the coenoflora of the alpine-subnival snow-bed communities revealed the dominance of high-altitude species with a South Siberian and ­Central Asian areal (Aquilegia glandulosa, Carex altaica, Dracocephalum grandiflorum, Festuca kryloviana, Gentiana grandiflora, Hedysarum austrosibiricum, Luzula sibirica, Solidago dahurica, Tripleurospermum ambiguum, Veronica densiflora, Viola altaica). High constancy and often domination by shrubs of the genus Salix (Salix berberifolia, S. rectijulis и S. turczaninowii) are common for these communities. The originality of species composition of the chionophilic meadows of the North Mongolia and East Kazakhstan allowed to suggest the new order Sibbaldio procumbentis–Ranunculetalia altaici ord. nov. hoc loco and two alliances: Ranunculion altaici all. nov. hoc loco and Salicion turczaninowii Ishbirdin in Ishbirdin et al. 1996. The snow-bed communities are included in five associations (three ones are new), two subassociations, and two variants. The order Sibbaldio procumbentis–Ranunculetalia altaici ord. nov. hoc loco (Table 2) includes the snow-bed communities of South Siberia, North Mongolia and East of Kazakhstan. They occupy the lower part of the mountain-tundra belt in habitats with thick snow cover in winter which does not completely melt in summer. The asian-alpine species dominate in the coenoflora of these meadows. Diagnostic species: Anthoxanthum alpinum, Aquilegia glandulosa, Gentiana grandiflora, Lescuraea saxicola, Luzula sibirica, Salix rectijulis, Schulzia crinita, Veronica alpina, V. densiflora, Viola altaica. There are two meadow types: on snow-beds with constant cold wetting, and close of snow-beds or in places with high snow cover depth and variable wetting. We propose to put the first group into the alliance Ranunculion altaici all. nov. hoc loco, the second one in Salicion turczaninowii Ishbirdin in Ishbirdin et al. 1996. The alliance Ranunculion altaici includes nival meadows dominated by Ranunculus altaicus and R. sulphureus (Table 2). It is widespread in the mountains of South Siberia, North Mongolia, and East Kazakhstan. At present, the alliance includes one ass. Polytricho sexangularis–Ranunculetum altaici (Fig. 4). They occupy site of snow-beds with constant high cold moisture during the whole vegetation period. Alliance Salicion turczaninowii Ishbirdin in Ishbirdin et al. 1996, based on the analysis of ass. Salici turczaninowii–Sibbaldietum procumbentis Danihelka et Chytrý 1995 from Barguzin Range (Danihelka, Chytrý, 1995), encompasses chionophilous communities of the South Siberian mountains (Ishbirdin et al., 1996). The diagnostic species are widespread in the Altai-Sayan mountain region and Transbaikalia: Carex aterrima, Ranunculus altaicus, Salix turczaninowii,and Viola altaica. The alliance includes 3 new associations (Bistorto viviparae–Salicetum turczaninowii, Doronico altaici–Sibbaldietum procumbentis, Vaccinio myrtilli–Sibbaldietum procumbentis). Ass. Bistorto viviparae–Salicetum turczanino­wii ass. nov. hoc loco (Table 2; Table 3, N 1–5, holotypus — N 5) — snow-bed communities with Salix turczaninowii and Sibbaldia procumbens dominance. Its area encompasses the humid part of Altai-Sayan mountain region. Diagnostic species: Antennaria dioica, Bistorta vivipara, Carex tristis, Festuca kryloviana, Hedysarum austrosibiricum, Minuartia biflora, Saxifraga sibirica. Communities occur on leveled or convex parts of the slopes, small terraces at the altitudes from 2230 to 2500 m. Rocks and rubbles cover up to 30 % of the surface. Асс. Doronico altaici–Sibbaldietum procumbentis ass. nov. hoc loco (Table 2; Table 3, N 6–16, holotypus — N 12, Fig. 5) includes snow-bed communities with alpine (Anemonastrum narcissiflorum, Aquilegia glandulosa, Callianthemum sajanense, Doronicum altaicum, Dracocephalum grandiflorum, Swertia obtusa, Tripleurospermum ambiguum, Veronica densiflora) and subalpine (Geranium albiflorum, Trollius asiaticus) species. These species are common in the class Mulgedio-Aconitetea Hadač et Klika in Klika et Hadač 1944. Diagnostic species: Bergenia crassifolia, Callianthemum sajanense, Doronicum altaicum, Dracocephalum grandiflorum, Geranium albiflorum, Tripleurospermum ambiguum, Trollius asiaticus, Veronica densiflora. Асс. Vaccinio myrtilli–Sibbaldietum procumbentis ass. nov. hoc loco (Table 2; Table 4, N 1–41, holotypus — N 5; Fig. 6) includes snow-bed communities dominated by Sibbaldia procumbens and Vaccinium myrtillus. We met these communities in the upper part of subalpine and the lower part of alpine belt in the West and East Sayans, Kuznetsk Alatau, West and Central Altai. The diagnostic group of species is represented by Omalotheca norvegica, Polytrichastrum sexangulare, Sibbaldia procumbens, Solidago dahurica, Vaccinium myrtillus. We proposed 2 subassociations within this syntaxon: V. m.–S. p. typicum (Table 2; Table 4, N 1–15, 31–41, holotypus — N 5) and V. m.–S. p. diphasiastretosum alpini (Table 2; Table 4, N 16–30, holotypus — N 24). The ass. Swertio obtusae–Caricetum tristis Telyatnikov et Mamakhatova 2011 was described in the South-East Altai (Telyatnikov, Mamakhatova, 2011). It includes grass-sedge-forb and willow-lichen-forb alpine meadows dominated by Gentiana algida, Bistorta vivipara, B. major, Carex tristis, Swertia obtusa, Lagotis integrifolia. Ass. Swertio obtusae–Caricetum tristis differs in species richness and floristic composition from other alliance associations. The cluster analysis (Fig. 3) verified this fact: there are 2 specific groups, corresponding to 2 classes. The core of coenoflora of the class Salicetea herbaceae are species of nival and hemichionophilous habitats (Aquilegia glandulosa, Carex altaica, Carex aterrima, Diphasiastrum alpinum, Gentiana grandiflora, Kiaeria starkei, Lescuraea saxicola, Omalotheca norvegica, Salix turczaninowii, Sibbaldia procumbens, Ranunculus altaicus, Veronica densiflora, Viola ­altaica). Arctic-alpine tundra species of the Сarici rupestris–Kobresietea bellardii Ohba 1974 class(Comastoma tenellum, Gentiana algida, Kobresia myosuroides, Potentilla nivea, etc.) as well as its common species (Erigeron eriocalyx, Eritrichium villosum, Festuca sphagnicola, Gastrolychnis apetala, Leontopodium ochroleucum, Potentilla gelida, Thalictrum alpinum) forms communities of the ass. Swertio obtusae–Caricetum tristis. That is why it should not be attributed to the class Salicetea herbaceae. The analysis of nival meadow coenofloras (Fig. 3a) showed the codominance of the North Asian (30 %), Holarctic (22 %) and South Siberian (22 %) species groups. Alpine (36 %) and arcto-alpine (20 %) belt-zonal ones (Fig. 3б) dominate in coenoflora of chionophilous meadows. Three floristic complexes proved to form the base of the coenoflora of nival meadows: arctic-alpine types of Holarctic distribution; alpine species both from the North Asian ranges and South Siberia, North Mongolia and East Kazakhstan (Sedelnikov, 2017).

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Purpose. Analysis of mountain accidents in the Polish Tatra Mountains during the holiday season 2014-2015, their spatial distribution and indication of objective (natural) and subjective (human) reasons. Method. Analysis of mountain accident chronicles from the 1.07-31.08.2014 holiday season, available on the official website of the Tatra Volunteer Rescue Service. Findings. Mountain accidents happened in the High Tatras and in the Western Tatras. Most mountain accidents in the High Tatras occurred on the alpine species, and in the West Tatras - on the forest species. The greatest impact on the occurrence of mountain accidents in the High Tatras was biotic - an objective factor, and in the Western Tatras – lithological-morphological and meteorological-climatic. Research and conclusion limitations. Empirical studies concern the analysis of mountain accidents in the Tatra National Park and all types of tourist activities undertaken before a mountain accident. Practical implications. The study presents the impact of man and the mountain environment on mountain accidents. Originality. The presented results may help to determine environmental risk zones, tourists will be informed about them before going on the Tatra trails during the holiday season. Type of paper. An article presenting the results of empirical research.

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Mountain landscapes are the areas characteristic for a great spatial variability of precipitation amounts. On the windward sides of orographic barriers there is intense rising of air, and on the lee sides air descends. The intensity of the two processes is manifested in great differences in precipitation amounts at short distances. Although the network of precipitation stations is the densest in the Alps of all mountain regions in the world, precipitation regime at the micro level continues to be poorly known at many a place. Precipitation stations in mountainous landscapes are the most numerous in lower-lying and settled areas, whereas they are rather few in the high-lying areas. Also the accuracy of measurements is problematic in the mountains. As a result, the information on precipitation regime is inadequate right in the areas with the largest precipitation amounts. This means that the estimation of water balance is inadequate, and it is difficult to forecast the precipitation-related processes, such as torrential floods, landslides, avalanches, and the like. The present paper deals with horizontal precipitation gradients in the Alpine valleys of Planica, Krnica and the stream Beli potok which are all situated in the north-western part of the Slovenian section of the Julian Alps.

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As with many ungulates inhabiting areas with potentially deep snow, winter is an important season for mountain goats ( Oreamnos americanus (de Blainville, 1816)) and is characterized by restricted movements and high juvenile mortality. We examined winter habitat selection and wintering strategies by mountain goats in two adjacent areas of southeastern British Columbia characterized by deep, moist snow and by shallow, dry snow. Fifteen GPS collars were placed on mountain goats in each area over two winters. Winter-range size did not differ between areas and comprised, on average, 2.2%–7.4% of male home range and 8.0%–14.1% of female home range. Topographic variables dominated habitat model selection. At the broad scale, mountain goats in both areas selected winter ranges closer to escape terrain on warmer aspects that contained lesser amounts of mature dense forest. At the fine scale, mountain goats in both areas selected rugged habitat at upper mid-elevations and on warmer aspects. Alpine areas were avoided in the deep snow area and selected in the shallow snow area. No selection for mature forests was observed in either area. Mountain goats, therefore, appeared to utilize open, high-elevation habitats in shallow snow zones, but they did not seek reduced snow levels in mature forest stands in deep snow areas.

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Abstract. In high mountain areas, permafrost is important because it influences the occurrence of natural hazards, because it has to be considered in construction practices, and because it is sensitive to climate change. The assessment of its distribution and evolution is challenging because of highly variable conditions at and below the surface, steep topography and varying climatic conditions. This paper presents a systematic investigation of effects of topography and climate variability that are important for subsurface temperatures in Alpine bedrock permafrost. We studied the effects of both, past and projected future ground surface temperature variations on the basis of numerical experimentation with simplified mountain topography in order to demonstrate the principal effects. The modeling approach applied combines a distributed surface energy balance model and a three-dimensional subsurface heat conduction scheme. Results show that the past climate variations that essentially influence present-day permafrost temperatures at depth of the idealized mountains are the last glacial period and the major fluctuations in the past millennium. Transient effects from projected future warming, however, are likely larger than those from past climate conditions because larger temperature changes at the surface occur in shorter time periods. We further demonstrate the accelerating influence of multi-lateral warming in steep and complex topography for a temperature signal entering the subsurface as compared to the situation in flat areas. The effects of varying and uncertain material properties (i.e., thermal properties, porosity, and freezing characteristics) on the subsurface temperature field were examined in sensitivity studies. A considerable influence of latent heat due to water in low-porosity bedrock was only shown for simulations over time periods of decades to centuries. At the end, the model was applied to the topographic setting of the Matterhorn (Switzerland). Results from idealized geometries are compared to this first example of real topography, and possibilities as well as limitations of the model application are discussed.

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Results of distant satellite sounding (the TERRA satellite) of high-mountainous areas and digital models SRTM 4.1 and ASTER DEM G2 of the same relief were used to calculate the following parameters of high-mountain dammed glacial lakes: area, depth, the water volume, excess of the dam above the water level. It is important for estimation of the water volume that can be dangerous for a break-through of a dammed lake. Formulas deduced to calculate the depth and volume of a lake for several sections of its area were tested and proposed. It is demonstrated that the regression equation V = Hmax × F, where Hmax is maximum depth of the lake, can be used as the parameterization of the formula «lake volume V equals the product of the area F on average depth D». More precise values of the coefficients a and b in the formula V = aFb were also obtained. Parameters and the water volumes of lakes were estimated for the river Gunt (right tributary of Pyanj River) basin. According to [28], there are 428 high-mountain lakes in this region with their total area ≥ 2500 m2. For basin Inflow of melted snow and glacier water caused by the rise of mean summer air temperatures in 1931–2015 was estimated for the lake Rivankul basin (the Pamir Mountains).

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Abstract A distinctive flora of 73 species of vascular plants and numerous bryophytes occurs in the ca. 20 km 2 of alpine tundra in the White Mountains, New Hampshire. The late- Quaternary distribution of these plants, many of which are disjuncts, was investigated by studies of pollen and plant macrofossils from lower Lakes of the Clouds (1 542 m) in the alpine zone of Mount Washington. Results were compared with pollen and macrofossils from lowland late-glacial deposits in western New England. Lowland paleofloras contained fossils of 43 species of vascular plants, 13 of which occur in the contemporary alpine flora of the White Mountains. A majority of species in the paleoflora has geographic affinities to Labrador, northern Québec, and Greenland, a pattern also apparent for mosses in the lowland deposits. The first macrofossils in lower Lakes of the Clouds were arctic-alpine mosses of acid soils. Although open-ground mosses and vascular plants continued to occur throughout the Holocene, indicating that alpine tundra persisted, fossils of a low-elevation moss Hylocomiastrum umbratum are evidence that forest (perhaps as krummholz) covered a greater area near the basin from 7 500 to 3 500 yBP. No calcicolous plants were recovered from sediments at lower Lakes of the Clouds. Climatic constraints on the alpine flora during the Younger Dryas oscillation and perhaps during other cold-climate events and intervening periods of higher temperature may have led to the loss of plant species in the White Mountain alpine zone. Late-glacial floras of lowland western New England were much richer than floras of areas above treeline during late-glacial time and at the present.

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Climate and environmental changes associated with anthropogenic global warming are being increasingly identified in the European Alps, as seen by changes in long-term high-alpine temperature, precipitation, glacier cover and permafrost. In turn, these changes impact on land-surface stability, and lead to increased frequency and magnitude of natural mountain hazards, including rock falls, debris flows, landslides, avalanches and floods. These hazards also impact on infrastructure, and socio-economic and cultural activities in mountain regions. This paper presents two case studies (2003 heatwave, 2005 floods) that demonstrate some of the interlinkages between physical processes and human activity in climatically sensitive alpine regions that are responding to ongoing climate change. Based on this evidence, we outline future implications of climate change on mountain environments and its impact on hazards and hazard management in paraglacial mountain systems.

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Abstract:

Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) is a keystone and foundation tree species in high elevation ecosystems of the Rocky Mountains. At alpine treelines along the eastern Rocky Mountain Front and in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, whitebark pine often initiates tree islands through facilitation, thereby shaping vegetation pattern. This role will likely diminish if whitebark pine succumbs to white pine blister rust infection, climate change stress, and mountain pine beetle infestations. Here, we established baseline measurements of whitebark pine’s importance and blister infection rates at two alpine treelines in Grand Teton National Park. Our specific objectives were to: 1) examine the potential relationship between whitebark pine establishment and krummholz tree island formation at the upper alpine treeline ecotone in GTNP; 2) characterize blister rust infection rate and intensity at two treeline study areas and in whitebark pine growing both solitarily and within tree islands; and 3) characterize the biophysical environments a) where whitebark pine is/is not a majority tree island initiator, and b) with varying blister rust infection rates in treeline whitebark pine. In July 2015, we field-sampled treeline composition and blister rust infection in all krummholz whitebark pine in a total of 40 study plots. Preliminary results reveal: 1) that whitebark pine is a substantial component of treeline ecosystems, but is not a significant majority tree island initiator, and 2) blister rust infection levels for both study areas combined is 15.65%. Blister rust and mountain pine beetle interactions were not evident at the two study areas. This work provides important baseline measurements for understanding how community structure and composition may be altered given infestation by pathogens and pests in GTNP, especially in light of changing climate regimes.

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Abstract:

We studied breeding-season frugivory by Harris' sparrows (Zonotrichia querula) and white-crowned sparrows (Z. leucophrys) in the forest–tundra ecotone of the Northwest Territories during a 3-year period. Density of fruits produced during previous summers and preserved beneath the snow averaged between 83 and 94/m2 during June. Mass of alpine bearberry (Arctostaphylos alpina) fruits collected during June was significantly greater than that of crowberry (Empetrum nigrum) or mountain cranberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea), while the relative sugar content of mountain cranberry fruits in June was greater than that of alpine bearberry or crowberry fruits. The protein content of all fruits was relatively low (≤ 3.1%). Harris' and white-crowned sparrows maintained body mass and fat condition while feeding heavily on fruits during the early breeding season and shifted to arthropods when feeding nestlings. The results of our study, plus the widespread distribution of arctic and subarctic subshrubs that produce fleshy fruits consumed by other species, particularly ptarmigan (Lagopus spp.) and shorebirds, suggest that community-wide studies are needed to evaluate the importance of over-winter and late-summer fruits in the diets of terrestrial arctic and subarctic birds.